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BuddhismBuddhism is a religion based on the spiritual and moral precepts of Siddhārtha Gautama (c. 5th century BCE), a teacher known as the Buddha, who stressed liberation from the...
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Siddhartha Gautama
乔达摩• 悉达多
Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, was the Indian spiritual teacher who founded Buddhism. It is generally agreed that he was born circa 563 BCE – though estimates range a century to each side – as a prince in the Shakya Kingdom in modern-day Nepal. Upon becoming aware of human suffering, he left his kingdom to become an ascetic. He then developed the Middle Way – a moderate path between self-mortification and self-indulgence – and soon attained enlightenment into the causes of and solutions to human suffering at age 35. He spent the next 45 years preaching his philosophy across what are today northern and eastern Indian and Nepal. As he gained followers, he established the first sangha – a body of Buddhist monks – that would go on to preserve and spread his teachings after his death circa 486 BCE, at which time Buddhists believe he abandoned his body and achieved parinirvana, the final deathless state for those who have achieved complete enlightenment in life.
乔达摩•悉达多，即佛陀，是创建佛教的印度的精神导师。一般认为，他大约出生于公元前563年左右——不过估计是在这个年份前后一个世纪左右——，他是释迦国的王子，其国土位于今日的尼泊尔。在意识到人类的苦难之后，他离开了他的王国，成为一位苦修者。随后他发展出一种中道——即在禁欲折磨和纵欲享受之间的一条温和路线，很快他在35岁的时候洞悉了人类苦难的原因与出路。在接下来的45年中，他游历了今日的印度北部、东部和尼泊尔地区，传播他的哲学。从者云集之后，他建立了最早的僧伽，即佛教僧侣团体，在他于公元前486年左右辞世之后，僧伽保留并传播他的教导。佛教徒认为，佛陀离弃了他的身体而涅磐，这是大彻大悟者的不死境界。