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Religion in China and the United States 中美宗教
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The last three decades have seen a steady improvement in US-China relations, but religion remains a difficult issue. This bilingual website illuminates differences rooted in contrasting histories and political systems but also points to areas for dialogue and cooperation into the future. The site is in an early stage of development. We look forward to your comments. Contact: Thomas Banchoff (banchoff@georgetown.edu)
在过去的三十年中，中美关系稳步发展，然而宗教仍是双边关系中的一个棘手问题。伯克利中心的双语网站致力于对中美双方在历史和政治体制方面的不同之处追根溯源，并寻求未来对话与合作的领域。本网站目前尚处于初期发展阶段。我们期待您的意见与建议。联系人：汤姆•班科夫 (banchoff@georgetown.edu)
在过去的三十年中，中美关系稳步发展，然而宗教仍是双边关系中的一个棘手问题。伯克利中心的双语网站致力于对中美双方在历史和政治体制方面的不同之处追根溯源，并寻求未来对话与合作的领域。本网站目前尚处于初期发展阶段。我们期待您的意见与建议。联系人：汤姆•班科夫 (banchoff@georgetown.edu)
George W. Bush served two terms as the 43rd President of the United States of America after serving as governor of Texas from 1994-2000. Bush's first term was defined by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and his decision to send American and allied troops to war in Afghanistan and Iraq. These conflicts continued into his second term, when the Bush Administration also confronted the 2007 global economic crisis. In part due to his comfort speaking about his born-again faith, Bush...
William "Bill" Jefferson Clinton served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993-2001 after twelve years as governor of his native Arkansas. Domestically, his presidency was marked by steady economic growth and fundamental welfare reform legislation, as well as the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Internationally, he grappled with regional challenges in the former-Yugoslavia, Northern Ireland, Rwanda, and the Middle East. A moderate Democrat, Clinton relied on support from business and...
The Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping led the country’s economic liberalization and opening to the world between 1979 and 1992. Born in 1904, he became a communist political and military leader during the Chinese revolutionary period (1927-1949). In the decades after the Revolution of 1949, he served in various leadership positions under Mao Zedong, and was purged more than once for being too conciliatory toward political dissenters. After Mao’s death, he regained influence and emerged at the core...
Dwight D. Eisenhower served as the 34th President of the United States, governing from 1953 to 1961, after a military career culminating in his role as Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe in World War II. Eisenhower's presidency was largely occupied by foreign affairs, most notably the Korean War, the expansion of United States involvement in the Middle East after the Suez Crisis, and the general deepening of the Cold War. Even domestically many of Eisenhower's achievements were...
Hu Jintao was the President of the People’s Republic of China from 2003 to 2013, and also served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 2002 to 2012. He was born in 1942 and rose to national prominence during the 1990s with the support of Deng Xiaoping (1976-1992), who chose Hu as Jiang Zemin’s successor. Hu has presided over continued economic growth and state management designed to alleviate the social dislocations occasioned by large scale industrialization and...
Jiang Zemin served as the President of the People’s Republic of China from 1993 until 2002. He was born in 1926 and rose to national prominence after being appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. The chosen successor of Deng Xiaoping, Jiang followed through on Deng’s economic liberalization, creating what he termed a “socialist market economy.” As the core of the third generation of Chinese Communist leadership, he oversaw unprecedented...
John Fitzgerald Kennedy ("JFK") was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until he was assassinated in 1963. Kennedy was internationally-oriented, with major Cold War events such as the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Space Race taking place during his presidency. At home, Kennedy created the Peace Corps and was a supporter of the American Civil Rights Movement. Kennedy remains the only Roman Catholic to become president, in spite of...
Li Keqiang is the Premier of the State Council, China's head of government, holding that post since March 2013. Li is the successor to Wen Jiabao as premier in the "fifth generation" (Xi-Li Administration) of Communist Party (CPC) leadership. Li was born in Anhui Province in July 1955. He began working in March 1974 and joined the CPC in May 1976. Li Keqiang graduated from the School of Economics of Peking University, majoring in economics. Li is expected to use his experience and knowledge...
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from 1861 to 1865, during the United States Civil War. Before his presidency, Lincoln built his career as a lawyer, represented Illinois in the United States House of Representatives, and was one half of the famous Lincoln-Douglass debates on the place of slavery in the American republic. Victory in the US Civil War and abolition of slavery are Lincoln's greatest legacies, although he is also notable for being the first...
Mao Zedong served as the first leader of the People’s Republic of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. Born in 1893, he joined the Communist Party in 1921 and quickly rose up its ranks, emerging as its political and military leader during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and the Civil War (1946-1949). After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Mao oversaw industrialization, the transformation of agriculture, and the country’s emergence as a...
Barack Obama became the 44th President of the United States in January 2009, the first African-American to hold the office, and was re-elected to the presidency in November 2012. After graduating from Columbia University and Harvard Law School, Obama continued working as a community organizer on the south side of Chicago and became involved in Democratic politics. He taught in the University of Chicago law school (1992-2004) before serving in the Illinois Senate (1997-2004) and as the US...
Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) served as 40th President of the United States from 1981-1989 after two terms as governor of California. An actor by profession, Reagan achieved electoral success by rallying foreign policy, fiscal, and social conservatives behind a message of national strength, small government, and traditional values. Confrontation with the Soviet Union marked his first term in office, while his second term approached the end of the Cold War. Reagan's election first showcased the...
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States, serving from 1933-1945 and the only president to be elected for four terms in office. A Democrat, Roosevelt took office at the height of the Great Depression, which continued through the 1930s. He initiated a series reforms known as the New Deal, including the introduction of social security, and died just as the Second World War was drawing to a close. Roosevelt, an Episcopalian, built a New Deal Coalition that...
Xi Jinping is the President of the People’s Republic of China, holding that post since March 2013. He is also serving as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chairman of the Party Central Military Commission. Xi Jinping was born on June 15, 1953 in Beijing and graduated from the School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Tsinghua University, majoring in Marxist theory and ideological education. He began working in January 1969 and joined the CPC in January...